Exploring the Diverse Applications of Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensors: Unveiling a New Realm of Possibilities

Show simple item record

dc.contributor.author Rahad, Rummanur
dc.contributor.author Sharar, Shadman Shahriar
dc.contributor.author Haque, Mohammad Ashraful
dc.date.accessioned 2024-04-15T06:00:06Z
dc.date.available 2024-04-15T06:00:06Z
dc.date.issued 2023-05-30
dc.identifier.citation [1] S. A. Maier, M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, S. Meltzer, A. A. Requicha, and H. A. Atwater, “Plasmonics—a route to nanoscale optical devices,” Advanced materials, vol. 13, no. 19, pp. 1501–1505, 2001. [2] A. Gabudean, D. Biro, and S. Astilean, “Localized surface plasmon resonance (lspr) and surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) studies of 4-aminothiophenol adsorption on gold nanorods,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 993, no. 1-3, pp. 420–424, 2011. [3] R. H. Ritchie, “Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films,” Physical review, vol. 106, no. 5, p. 874, 1957. [4] G. Kumar and P. K. Sarswat, “Interaction of surface plasmon polaritons with nanomaterials,” Reviews in Plasmonics 2015, pp. 103–129, 2016. [5] Y. Wang, B. Zhao, C. Min, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, C. Guo, and X. Yuan, “Research progress of femtosecond surface plasmon polariton,” Chinese Physics B, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 027302, 2020. [6] A. V. Zayats, I. I. Smolyaninov, and A. A. Maradudin, “Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons,” Physics reports, vol. 408, no. 3-4, pp. 131–314, 2005. [7] D. Sarid, “Long-range surface-plasma waves on very thin metal films,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 47, no. 26, p. 1927, 1981. [8] P. Berini, “Long-range surface plasmon polaritons,” Advances in optics and photonics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 484–588, 2009. [9] A. V. Zayats and I. I. Smolyaninov, “Near-field photonics: surface plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons,” Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, vol. 5, no. 4, p. S16, 2003. [10] J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors,” Sensors and actuators B: Chemical, vol. 54, no. 1-2, pp. 3–15, 1999. REFERENCES 153 [11] I. Abdulhalim, M. Zourob, and A. Lakhtakia, “Surface plasmon resonance for biosensing: a mini-review,” Electromagnetics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 214–242, 2008. [12] R. Kashyap and G. Nemova, “Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber and planar waveguide sensors,” Journal of Sensors, vol. 2009, 2009. [13] S. Sharmin, T. Z. Adry, M. F. Hassan, E. Surid, and R. H. Sagor, “Numerical investigation of nanodots implanted high-performance plasmonic refractive index sensor,” Plasmonics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1717–1729, 2022. [14] H. A. Atwater, “The promise of plasmonics,” Scientific American, vol. 296, no. 4, pp. 56–63, 2007. [15] Z. I. Khan, M. M. Salleh, and G. Prigent, “Achievable bandwidth of a quarter wavelength side-coupled ring resonator,” in 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics & Applications, vol. 1. IEEE, 2009, pp. 358–361. [16] D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit,” Nature photonics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 83–91, 2010. [17] W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” nature, vol. 424, no. 6950, pp. 824–830, 2003. [18] N. Kazanskiy, S. Khonina, and M. Butt, “Plasmonic sensors based on metal-insulatormetal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief review,” Physica E: Low-dimensional systems and nanostructures, vol. 117, p. 113798, 2020. [19] E. D. Onal and K. Guven, “Scattering suppression and absorption enhancement in contour nanoantennas,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.01312, 2015. [20] H. N. Daghestani and B. W. Day, “Theory and applications of surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonant waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry biosensors,” Sensors, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 9630–9646, 2010. [21] H. Raether, “Surface plasmons on smooth surfaces,” Surface plasmons on smooth and rough surfaces and on gratings, pp. 4–39, 2006. [22] A. Archambault, T. V. Teperik, F. Marquier, and J.-J. Greffet, “Surface plasmon fourier optics,” Physical Review B, vol. 79, no. 19, p. 195414, 2009. [23] M. Born, E. Wolf, A. B. Bhatia et al., Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. Cambridge university press Cambridge, 1999, vol. 7. REFERENCES 154 [24] C. U. Greven, F. Lionetti, C. Booth, E. N. Aron, E. Fox, H. E. Schendan, M. Pluess, H. Bruining, B. Acevedo, P. Bijttebier et al., “Sensory processing sensitivity in the context of environmental sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 98, pp. 287–305, 2019. [25] M. Quinten, A. Leitner, J. R. Krenn, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Electromagnetic energy transport via linear chains of silver nanoparticles,” Optics letters, vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 1331–1333, 1998. [26] S. A. Maier, P. G. Kik, H. A. Atwater, S. Meltzer, E. Harel, B. E. Koel, and A. A. Requicha, “Local detection of electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides,” Nature materials, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 229–232, 2003. [27] J.-C. Weeber, A. Dereux, C. Girard, J. R. Krenn, and J.-P. Goudonnet, “Plasmon polaritons of metallic nanowires for controlling submicron propagation of light,” Physical Review B, vol. 60, no. 12, p. 9061, 1999. [28] S. I. Bozhevolnyi, J. Erland, K. Leosson, P. M. Skovgaard, and J. M. Hvam, “Waveguiding in surface plasmon polariton band gap structures,” Physical review letters, vol. 86, no. 14, p. 3008, 2001. [29] R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, D. Genov, D. Pile, and X. Zhang, “A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation,” nature photonics, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 496–500, 2008. [30] A. L. Pyayt, B. Wiley, Y. Xia, A. Chen, and L. Dalton, “Integration of photonic and silver nanowire plasmonic waveguides,” Nature nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 660–665, 2008. [31] S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmonpolariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves,” Physical review letters, vol. 95, no. 4, p. 046802, 2005. [32] H. J. Lezec, A. Degiron, E. Devaux, R. Linke, L. Martin-Moreno, F. Garcia-Vidal, and T. Ebbesen, “Beaming light from a subwavelength aperture,” science, vol. 297, no. 5582, pp. 820–822, 2002. [33] G. Lerosey, D. Pile, P. Matheu, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Controlling the phase and amplitude of plasmon sources at a subwavelength scale,” Nano letters, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 327–331, 2009. [34] A. F. Koenderink, “Plasmon nanoparticle array waveguides for single photon and single plasmon sources,” Nano letters, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 4228–4233, 2009. REFERENCES 155 [35] Z. Fang, Q. Peng, W. Song, F. Hao, J. Wang, P. Nordlander, and X. Zhu, “Plasmonic focusing in symmetry broken nanocorrals,” Nano letters, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 893–897, 2011. [36] K. Kneipp, Y. Wang, H. Kneipp, L. T. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Single molecule detection using surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers),” Physical review letters, vol. 78, no. 9, p. 1667, 1997. [37] A. M. Michaels, M. Nirmal, and L. Brus, “Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy of individual rhodamine 6g molecules on large ag nanocrystals,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 121, no. 43, pp. 9932–9939, 1999. [38] K. Kneipp, M. Moskovits, and H. Kneipp, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: physics and applications. Springer Science & Business Media, 2006, vol. 103. [39] E. Hao and G. C. Schatz, “Electromagnetic fields around silver nanoparticles and dimers,” The Journal of chemical physics, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 357–366, 2004. [40] Y. Fang, N.-H. Seong, and D. D. Dlott, “Measurement of the distribution of site enhancements in surface-enhanced raman scattering,” Science, vol. 321, no. 5887, pp. 388–392, 2008. [41] W. Xu, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Hu, and X. Cao, “Ultrasensitive detection using surface enhanced raman scattering from silver nanowire arrays in anodic alumina membranes,” Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 4812–4816, 2009. [42] W. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Hu, and L. Sun, “A comparison of surface enhanced raman scattering property between silver electrodes and periodical silver nanowire arrays,” Applied surface science, vol. 255, no. 13-14, pp. 6612–6614, 2009. [43] Y. Fang, H. Wei, F. Hao, P. Nordlander, and H. Xu, “Remote-excitation surfaceenhanced raman scattering using propagating ag nanowire plasmons,” Nano letters, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 2049–2053, 2009. [44] A. Gopinath, S. V. Boriskina, W. R. Premasiri, L. Ziegler, B. M. Reinhard, and L. Dal Negro, “Plasmonic nanogalaxies: multiscale aperiodic arrays for surfaceenhanced raman sensing,” Nano letters, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3922–3929, 2009. [45] Y.-K. Kim, P. Lundquist, J. Helfrich, J. Mikrut, G. Wong, P. Auvil, and J. Ketterson, “Scanning plasmon optical microscope,” Applied physics letters, vol. 66, no. 25, pp. 3407–3409, 1995. [46] A. Kryukov, Y.-K. Kim, and J. B. Ketterson, “Surface plasmon scanning near-field optical microscopy,” Journal of applied physics, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 5411–5415, 1997. REFERENCES 156 [47] D. O. Melville, R. J. Blaikie, and C. R. Wolf, “Submicron imaging with a planar silver lens,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 4403–4405, 2004. [48] J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Physical review letters, vol. 85, no. 18, p. 3966, 2000. [49] S. Kawata, Y. Inouye, and P. Verma, “Plasmonics for near-field nano-imaging and superlensing,” Nature photonics, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 388–394, 2009. [50] N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens,” science, vol. 308, no. 5721, pp. 534–537, 2005. [51] H. Lee, Y. Xiong, N. Fang, W. Srituravanich, S. Durant, M. Ambati, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Realization of optical superlens imaging below the diffraction limit,” New Journal of Physics, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 255, 2005. [52] M. Achermann, K. L. Shuford, G. C. Schatz, D. Dahanayaka, L. A. Bumm, and V. I. Klimov, “Near-field spectroscopy of surface plasmons in flat gold nanoparticles,” Optics letters, vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 2254–2256, 2007. [53] P. Zijlstra, J. W. Chon, and M. Gu, “Five-dimensional optical recording mediated by surface plasmons in gold nanorods,” nature, vol. 459, no. 7245, pp. 410–413, 2009. [54] C. Hermann, V. Kosobukin, G. Lampel, J. Peretti, V. Safarov, and P. Bertrand, “Surface-enhanced magneto-optics in metallic multilayer films,” Physical Review B, vol. 64, no. 23, p. 235422, 2001. [55] M. Mansuripur, A. R. Zakharian, A. Lesuffleur, S.-H. Oh, R. Jones, N. Lindquist, H. Im, A. Kobyakov, and J. Moloney, “Plasmonic nano-structures for optical data storage,” Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 16, pp. 14 001–14 014, 2009. [56] D. O’Connor and A. V. Zayats, “The third plasmonic revolution,” Nature nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 482–483, 2010. [57] O. Stenzel, A. Stendal, K. Voigtsberger, and C. Von Borczyskowski, “Enhancement of the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of copper phthalocyanine thin film devices by incorporation of metal clusters,” Solar energy materials and solar cells, vol. 37, no. 3-4, pp. 337–348, 1995. [58] M. Westphalen, U. Kreibig, J. Rostalski, H. Luth, and D. Meissner, “Metal cluster ¨ enhanced organic solar cells,” Solar energy materials and solar cells, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 97–105, 2000. REFERENCES 157 [59] V. E. Ferry, L. A. Sweatlock, D. Pacifici, and H. A. Atwater, “Plasmonic nanostructure design for efficient light coupling into solar cells,” Nano letters, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 4391–4397, 2008. [60] M. D. Brown, T. Suteewong, R. S. S. Kumar, V. D’Innocenzo, A. Petrozza, M. M. Lee, U. Wiesner, and H. J. Snaith, “Plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells using coreshell metal- insulator nanoparticles,” Nano letters, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 438–445, 2011. [61] G. Nemova and R. Kashyap, “Fiber-bragg-grating-assisted surface plasmon-polariton sensor,” Optics letters, vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 2118–2120, 2006. [62] S. M. Tripathi, A. Kumar, E. Marin, and J.-P. Meunier, “Side-polished optical fiber grating-based refractive index sensors utilizing the pure surface plasmon polariton,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 26, no. 13, pp. 1980–1985, 2008. [63] K. Usbeck, W. Ecke, A. T. Andreev, V. Hagemann, R. Mueller, and R. Willsch, “Distributed optochemical sensor network using evanescent field interaction in fibre bragg gratings,” in European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, vol. 3483. SPIE, 1998, pp. 90–94. [64] J. Ctyrok ˇ Y, F. Abdelmalek, W. Ecke, and K. Usbeck, “Modelling of the surface plas- ´ mon resonance waveguide sensor with bragg grating,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 31, pp. 927–941, 1999. [65] G. Nemova and R. Kashyap, “Theoretical model of a planar integrated refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon-polariton excitation,” Optics Communications, vol. 275, no. 1, pp. 76–82, 2007. [66] ——, “Theoretical model of a planar waveguide refractive index sensor assisted by a corrugated long period metal grating,” Optics communications, vol. 281, no. 6, pp. 1522–1528, 2008. [67] C. Holmes, K. Daly, I. Sparrow, J. Gates, G. D’Alessandro, and P. Smith, “Excitation of surface plasmons using tilted planar-waveguide bragg gratings,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 777–788, 2011. [68] J. N. Anker, W. P. Hall, O. Lyandres, N. C. Shah, J. Zhao, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors,” Nature materials, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 442– 453, 2008. [69] D. G. Georganopoulou, L. Chang, J.-M. Nam, C. S. Thaxton, E. J. Mufson, W. L. Klein, and C. A. Mirkin, “Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebral spinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for alzheimer’s disease,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 2273–2276, 2005. REFERENCES 158 [70] A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nature materials, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 867–871, 2009. [71] N. L. Rosi and C. A. Mirkin, “Nanostructures in biodiagnostics,” Chemical reviews, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 1547–1562, 2005. [72] M. S. Han, A. K. Lytton-Jean, and C. A. Mirkin, “A gold nanoparticle based approach for screening triplex dna binders,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 15, pp. 4954–4955, 2006. [73] M. S. Han, A. K. Lytton-Jean, B.-K. Oh, J. Heo, and C. A. Mirkin, “Colorimetric screening of dna-binding molecules with gold nanoparticle probes,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1807–1810, 2006. [74] Q. Lu, D. Chen, and G. Wu, “Low-loss hybrid plasmonic waveguide based on metal ridge and semiconductor nanowire,” Optics Communications, vol. 289, pp. 64–68, 2013. [75] C. Y. Jeong, M. Kim, and S. Kim, “Circular hybrid plasmonic waveguide with ultralong propagation distance,” Optics express, vol. 21, no. 14, pp. 17 404–17 412, 2013. [76] Y. Bian, Z. Zheng, Y. Liu, J. Liu, J. Zhu, and T. Zhou, “Hybrid wedge plasmon polariton waveguide with good fabrication-error-tolerance for ultra-deep-subwavelength mode confinement,” Optics Express, vol. 19, no. 23, pp. 22 417–22 422, 2011. [77] P. Berini, R. Charbonneau, N. Lahoud, and G. Mattiussi, “Characterization of longrange surface-plasmon-polariton waveguides,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 98, no. 4, p. 043109, 2005. [78] B. Steinberger, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, A. Stepanov, A. Drezet, F. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, and J. Krenn, “Dielectric stripes on gold as surface plasmon waveguides,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, no. 9, p. 094104, 2006. [79] J. Grandidier, S. Massenot, G. C. Des Francs, A. Bouhelier, J.-C. Weeber, L. Markey, A. Dereux, J. Renger, M. Gonzalez, and R. Quidant, “Dielectric-loaded surface plas- ´ mon polariton waveguides: figures of merit and mode characterization by image and fourier plane leakage microscopy,” Physical Review B, vol. 78, no. 24, p. 245419, 2008. [80] T. Holmgaard and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Theoretical analysis of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides,” Physical Review B, vol. 75, no. 24, p. 245405, 2007. REFERENCES 159 [81] A. Krasavin and A. Zayats, “Three-dimensional numerical modeling of photonic integration with dielectric-loaded spp waveguides,” Physical Review B, vol. 78, no. 4, p. 045425, 2008. [82] B. Steinberger, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, F. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, and J. Krenn, “Dielectric stripes on gold as surface plasmon waveguides: Bends and directional couplers,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 91, no. 8, p. 081111, 2007. [83] T. Holmgaard, Z. Chen, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, L. Markey, A. Dereux, A. V. Krasavin, and A. V. Zayats, “Bend-and splitting loss of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides,” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 18, pp. 13 585–13 592, 2008. [84] G. Veronis and S. Fan, “Modes of subwavelength plasmonic slot waveguides,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2511–2521, 2007. [85] S. Kim and R. Yan, “Recent developments in photonic, plasmonic and hybrid nanowire waveguides,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C, vol. 6, no. 44, pp. 11 795– 11 816, 2018. [86] J. Wang, M. S. Gudiksen, X. Duan, Y. Cui, and C. M. Lieber, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and photodetection from single indium phosphide nanowires,” Science, vol. 293, no. 5534, pp. 1455–1457, 2001. [87] H. Kind, H. Yan, B. Messer, M. Law, and P. Yang, “Nanowire ultraviolet photodetectors and optical switches,” Advanced materials, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 158–160, 2002. [88] S. M. Mariciˇ c and B. D. Lazi ´ c, “Abacus computing tool: From history to application in ´ mathematical education,” Inovacije u nastavi-casopis za savremenu nastavu ˇ , vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 57–71, 2020. [89] S. Koppel, B. Ulmann, L. Heimann, and D. Killat, “Using analog computers in today’s ¨ largest computational challenges,” Advances in Radio Science, vol. 19, pp. 105–116, 2021. [90] M. Riordan, L. Hoddeson, and C. Herring, “The invention of the transistor,” Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 71, no. 2, p. S336, 1999. [91] T. N. Theis and H.-S. P. Wong, “The end of moore’s law: A new beginning for information technology,” Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 41–50, 2017. [92] M. Horowitz, C.-K. K. Yang, and S. Sidiropoulos, “High-speed electrical signaling: Overview and limitations,” IEEE Micro, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 12–24, 1998. REFERENCES 160 [93] S. C. Esener, “Implementation and prospects for chip-to-chip free-space optical interconnects,” in International Electron Devices Meeting. Technical Digest (Cat. No. 01CH37224). IEEE, 2001, pp. 23–5. [94] B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Physical review letters, vol. 77, no. 9, p. 1889, 1996. [95] M. Butt, N. Kazanskiy, and S. Khonina, “Nanodots decorated asymmetric metal– insulator–metal waveguide resonator structure based on fano resonances for refractive index sensing application,” Laser Physics, vol. 30, no. 7, p. 076204, 2020. [96] M. A. Butt, “Metal-insulator-metal waveguide based plasmonic sensors: Fantasy or truth-a critical review,” Authorea Preprints, 2022. [97] M. Butt, S. Khonina, and N. Kazanskiy, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on mim square ring resonator,” in 2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–4. [98] Y. Tang, Z. Zhang, R. Wang, Z. Hai, C. Xue, W. Zhang, and S. Yan, “Refractive index sensor based on fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguides coupled with resonators,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 784, 2017. [99] M. R. Rakhshani, A. Tavousi, and M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, “Design of a plasmonic sensor based on a square array of nanorods and two slot cavities with a high figure of merit for glucose concentration monitoring,” Applied optics, vol. 57, no. 27, pp. 7798–7804, 2018. [100] M. R. Rakhshani and M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, “High sensitivity plasmonic refractive index sensing and its application for human blood group identification,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 249, pp. 168–176, 2017. [101] Y.-Y. Xie, Y.-X. Huang, W.-L. Zhao, W.-H. Xu, and C. He, “A novel plasmonic sensor based on metal–insulator–metal waveguide with side-coupled hexagonal cavity,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2015. [102] S. Ghorbani, M. A. Dashti, and M. Jabbari, “Plasmonic nano-sensor based on metaldielectric-metal waveguide with the octagonal cavity ring,” Laser Physics, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 066208, 2018. [103] Z. Zhang, J. Yang, X. He, J. Zhang, J. Huang, D. Chen, and Y. Han, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on concentric-rings resonator,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 116, 2018. REFERENCES 161 [104] S. Yan, M. Zhang, X. Zhao, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, and W. Jin, “Refractive index sensor based on a metal–insulator–metal waveguide coupled with a symmetric structure,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 2879, 2017. [105] M. Rahmatiyar, M. Afsahi, and M. Danaie, “Design of a refractive index plasmonic sensor based on a ring resonator coupled to a mim waveguide containing tapered defects,” Plasmonics, vol. 15, pp. 2169–2176, 2020. [106] L. Wang, Y.-P. Zeng, Z.-Y. Wang, X.-P. Xia, and Q.-Q. Liang, “A refractive index sensor based on an analogy t shaped metal–insulator–metal waveguide,” Optik, vol. 172, pp. 1199–1204, 2018. [107] S. Zou, F. Wang, R. Liang, L. Xiao, and M. Hu, “A nanoscale refractive index sensor based on asymmetric plasmonic waveguide with a ring resonator: A review,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 646–650, 2014. [108] Y.-X. Huang, Y.-Y. Xie, W.-L. Zhao, H.-J. Che, W.-H. Xu, X. Li, and J.-C. Li, “A plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a mim waveguide with a side-coupled nanodisk resonator,” in 2014 IEEE 20th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. IEEE, 2014, pp. 1–5. [109] T. Wu, Y. Liu, Z. Yu, Y. Peng, C. Shu, and H. Ye, “The sensing characteristics of plasmonic waveguide with a ring resonator,” Optics express, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 7669– 7677, 2014. [110] Y. Binfeng, H. Guohua, Z. Ruohu, and C. Yiping, “Design of a compact and high sensitive refractive index sensor base on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic bragg grating,” Optics Express, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 28 662–28 670, 2014. [111] B. Ni, X. Chen, D. Xiong, H. Liu, G. Hua, J. Chang, J. Zhang, and H. Zhou, “Infrared plasmonic refractive index-sensitive nanosensor based on electromagnetically induced transparency of waveguide resonator systems,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 47, pp. 1339–1346, 2015. [112] R. Zafar and M. Salim, “Enhanced figure of merit in fano resonance-based plasmonic refractive index sensor,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 6313–6317, 2015. [113] S.-B. Yan, L. Luo, C.-Y. Xue, and Z.-D. Zhang, “A refractive index sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled ring resonator,” Sensors, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 29 183–29 191, 2015. [114] Z. Chen, L. Yu, L. Wang, G. Duan, Y. Zhao, and J. Xiao, “A refractive index nanosensor based on fano resonance in the plasmonic waveguide system,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 27, no. 16, pp. 1695–1698, 2015. REFERENCES 162 [115] B. Li, H. Li, L. Zeng, S. Zhan, Z. He, Z. Chen, and H. Xu, “High-sensitivity sensing based on plasmon-induced transparency,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1–7, 2015. [116] Z. Chen, H. Li, S. Zhan, Z. He, B. Li, and H. Xu, “Sensing characteristics based on fano resonance in rectangular ring waveguide,” Optics Communications, vol. 356, pp. 373–377, 2015. [117] T. Wu, Y. Liu, Z. Yu, H. Ye, C. Shu, Y. Peng, J. Wang, and H. He, “Tuning the fano resonances in a single defect nanocavity coupled with a plasmonic waveguide for sensing applications,” Modern Physics Letters B, vol. 29, no. 33, p. 1550218, 2015. [118] K. Wen, Y. Hu, L. Chen, J. Zhou, L. Lei, and Z. Guo, “Fano resonance with ultra-high figure of merits based on plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide,” Plasmonics, vol. 10, pp. 27–32, 2015. [119] A. Ahmadivand, M. Karabiyik, and N. Pala, “Inducing multiple fano resonant modes in split concentric nanoring resonator dimers for ultraprecise sensing,” Journal of Optics, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 085104, 2015. [120] Z. Chen, X. Song, G. Duan, L. Wang, and L. Yu, “Multiple fano resonances control in mim side-coupled cavities systems,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2015. [121] X. Zhang, M. Shao, and X. Zeng, “High quality plasmonic sensors based on fano resonances created through cascading double asymmetric cavities,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 1730, 2016. [122] Y. Wang, S. Li, Y. Zhang, and L. Yu, “Independently formed multiple fano resonances for ultra-high sensitivity plasmonic nanosensor,” 2016. [123] S. Pang, Y. Huo, Y. Xie, and L. Hao, “Fano resonance in mim waveguide structure with oblique rectangular cavity and its application in sensor,” Optics Communications, vol. 381, pp. 409–413, 2016. [124] Z. Zhang, L. Luo, C. Xue, W. Zhang, and S. Yan, “Fano resonance based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled double rectangular cavities for plasmonic nanosensors,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 642, 2016. [125] F. Chen and D. Yao, “Realizing of plasmon fano resonance with a metal nanowall moving along mim waveguide,” Optics Communications, vol. 369, pp. 72–78, 2016. [126] S. Gaur, R. Zafar, and D. Somwanshi, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on metal insulator metal waveguide,” in 2016 International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE). IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–4. REFERENCES 163 [127] Y. Wang, S. Li, Y. Zhang, and L. Yu, “Ultrasharp fano resonances based on the circular cavity optimized by a metallic nanodisk,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1–8, 2016. [128] L. Chen, Y. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Wu, R. Ma, Y. Zhang, and H. Ye, “Numerical analysis of a near-infrared plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on a fillet cavity,” Optics express, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 9975–9983, 2016. [129] M. R. Rakhshani and M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, “High-sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on metal–insulator–metal waveguide and hexagonal-ring cavity,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 3041–3046, 2016. [130] Y. Binfeng, Z. Ruohu, H. Guohua, and C. Yiping, “Ultra sharp fano resonances induced by coupling between plasmonic stub and circular cavity resonators,” Plasmonics, vol. 11, pp. 1157–1162, 2016. [131] Y. Binfeng, G. Hu, R. Zhang, and C. Yiping, “Fano resonances in a plasmonic waveguide system composed of stub coupled with a square cavity resonator,” Journal of Optics, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 055002, 2016. [132] B.-X. Li, H.-J. Li, L.-L. Zeng, S.-P. Zhan, Z.-H. He, Z.-Q. Chen, and H. Xu, “Sensing application in fano resonance with t-shape structure,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 3342–3347, 2016. [133] Z. Chen, X. Cao, X. Song, L. Wang, and L. Yu, “Side-coupled cavity-induced fano resonance and its application in nanosensor,” Plasmonics, vol. 11, pp. 307–313, 2016. [134] B.-H. Zhang, L.-L. Wang, H.-J. Li, X. Zhai, and S.-X. Xia, “Two kinds of double fano resonances induced by an asymmetric mim waveguide structure,” Journal of Optics, vol. 18, no. 6, p. 065001, 2016. [135] K. Wen, Y. Hu, L. Chen, J. Zhou, L. Lei, and Z. Meng, “Single/dual fano resonance based on plasmonic metal-dielectric-metal waveguide,” Plasmonics, vol. 11, pp. 315– 321, 2016. [136] S. Sherif, L. Shahada, D. Zografopoulos, R. Beccherelli, and M. Swillam, “Near infrared plasmonic sensor based on fano resonance,” in Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XX, vol. 9750. SPIE, 2016, pp. 55–60. [137] Y. Chen, P. Luo, Z.-y. Zhao, L. He, and X.-n. Cui, “Study on fano resonance regulating mechanism of si contained metal–dielectric–metal waveguide coupled rectangular cavity,” Physics Letters A, vol. 381, no. 40, pp. 3472–3476, 2017. REFERENCES 164 [138] W. Lin, H. Zhang, S.-C. Chen, B. Liu, and Y.-G. Liu, “Microstructured optical fiber for multichannel sensing based on fano resonance of the whispering gallery modes,” Optics Express, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 994–1004, 2017. [139] W.-J. Mai, Y.-L. Wang, Y.-Y. Zhang, L.-N. Cui, and L. Yu, “Refractive plasmonic sensor based on fano resonances in an optical system,” Chinese physics letters, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 024204, 2017. [140] J. Yang, X. Song, Z. Chen, L. Cui, S. Yang, and L. Yu, “Tunable multi-fano resonances in mdm-based side-coupled resonator system and its application in nanosensor,” Plasmonics, vol. 12, pp. 1665–1672, 2017. [141] W.-X. Huang, J.-J. Guo, M.-S. Wang, and G.-R. Zhao, “Sensor based on fano resonances of plane metamaterial with narrow slits,” Physics Letters A, vol. 381, no. 10, pp. 909–912, 2017. [142] J. Yang, X. Song, S. Yang, L. Cui, and L. Yu, “Independently controllable multiple fano resonances in side-coupled mdm structure and its applications for sensing and wavelength demultiplexing,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 50, no. 32, p. 325107, 2017. [143] Y. Zhang, S. Li, Z. Chen, P. Jiang, R. Jiao, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, and L. Yu, “Ultrahigh sensitivity plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple fano resonance in the mdm side-coupled cavities,” Plasmonics, vol. 12, pp. 1099–1105, 2017. [144] C. Wu, H. Ding, T. Huang, X. Wu, B. Chen, K. Ren, and S. Fu, “Plasmon-induced transparency and refractive index sensing in side-coupled stub-hexagon resonators,” Plasmonics, vol. 13, pp. 251–257, 2018. [145] J. Zhou, H. Chen, Z. Zhang, J. Tang, J. Cui, C. Xue, and S. Yan, “Transmission and refractive index sensing based on fano resonance in mim waveguide-coupled trapezoid cavity,” AIP Advances, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 015020, 2017. [146] X. Zhao, Z. Zhang, and S. Yan, “Tunable fano resonance in asymmetric mim waveguide structure,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 1494, 2017. [147] A. Akhavan, H. Ghafoorifard, S. Abdolhosseini, and H. Habibiyan, “Plasmon-induced transparency based on a triangle cavity coupled with an ellipse-ring resonator,” Applied optics, vol. 56, no. 34, pp. 9556–9563, 2017. [148] M. R. Rakhshani and M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, “Utilizing the metallic nano-rods in hexagonal configuration to enhance sensitivity of the plasmonic racetrack resonator in sensing application,” Plasmonics, vol. 12, pp. 999–1006, 2017. REFERENCES 165 [149] R. Zafar, S. Nawaz, G. Singh, A. d’Alessandro, and M. Salim, “Plasmonics-based refractive index sensor for detection of hemoglobin concentration,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 4372–4377, 2018. [150] N. Jankovic and N. Cselyuszka, “Multiple fano-like mim plasmonic structure based on triangular resonator for refractive index sensing,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 287, 2018. [151] X. Zhang, Y. Qi, P. Zhou, H. Gong, B. Hu, and C. Yan, “Refractive index sensor based on fano resonances in plasmonic waveguide with dual side-coupled ring resonators,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 8, pp. 367–374, 2018. [152] X. Yi, J. Tian, and R. Yang, “Tunable fano resonance in mdm stub waveguide coupled with a u-shaped cavity,” The European Physical Journal D, vol. 72, pp. 1–9, 2018. [153] K. Wen, L. Chen, J. Zhou, L. Lei, and Y. Fang, “A plasmonic chip-scale refractive index sensor design based on multiple fano resonances,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 10, p. 3181, 2018. [154] X. Shi, L. Ma, Z. Zhang, Y. Tang, Y. Zhang, J. Han, and Y. Sun, “Dual fano resonance control and refractive index sensors based on a plasmonic waveguide-coupled resonator system,” Optics Communications, vol. 427, pp. 326–330, 2018. [155] A. D. Khan, “Refractive index sensing with fano resonant l-shaped metasurface,” Optical Materials, vol. 82, pp. 168–174, 2018. [156] Z. Guo, K. Wen, Q. Hu, W. Lai, J. Lin, and Y. Fang, “Plasmonic multichannel refractive index sensor based on subwavelength tangent-ring metal–insulator–metal waveguide,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 1348, 2018. [157] Y. Chen, P. Luo, X. Liu, Y. Di, S. Han, X. Cui, and L. He, “Sensing performance analysis on fano resonance of metallic double-baffle contained mdm waveguide coupled ring resonator,” Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 101, pp. 273–278, 2018. [158] Z.-h. Liu, L.-z. Ding, J.-p. Yi, Z.-c. Wei, and J.-p. Guo, “Plasmonics refractive index sensor based on tunable ultra-sharp fano resonance,” Optoelectronics letters, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 421–424, 2018. [159] T. Zhao and S. Yu, “Ultra-high sensitivity nanosensor based on multiple fano resonance in the mim coupled plasmonic resonator,” Plasmonics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1115– 1120, 2018. [160] Y. Wang, S. Li, Y. Zhang, and L. Yu, “Independently formed multiple fano resonances for ultra-high sensitivity plasmonic nanosensor,” Plasmonics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 107– 113, 2018. REFERENCES 166 [161] X. Ren, K. Ren, and C. Ming, “Self-reference refractive index sensor based on independently controlled double resonances in side-coupled u-shaped resonators,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 1376, 2018. [162] O. Mahboub, R. El Haffar, and A. Farkhsi, “Optical fano resonance in mim waveguides with a double splits ring resonator,” J. New Front. Spatial Concepts, vol. 13, pp. 181–187, 2018. [163] L. Dong, X. Xu, K. Sun, Y. Ding, P. Ouyang, and P. Wang, “Sensing analysis based on fano resonance in arch bridge structure,” Journal of Physics Communications, vol. 2, no. 10, p. 105010, 2018. [164] M. Butt, S. Khonina, and N. Kazanskiy, “An array of nano-dots loaded mim square ring resonator with enhanced sensitivity at nir wavelength range,” Optik, vol. 202, p. 163655, 2020. [165] A. Hocini, M. Temmar, D. Khedrouche et al., “Design of mid infrared high sensitive metal-insulator-metal plasmonic sensor,” Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 61, pp. 86– 97, 2019. [166] M. Wang, M. Zhang, Y. Wang, R. Zhao, and S. Yan, “Fano resonance in an asymmetric mim waveguide structure and its application in a refractive index nanosensor,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 791, 2019. [167] Y. Lu, J. Xu, M. Xu, J. Xu, J. Wang, and J. Zheng, “High sensitivity plasmonic metaldielectric-metal device with two side-coupled fano cavities,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 9, pp. 205–212, 2019. [168] Y. Zhang, Y. Kuang, Z. Zhang, Y. Tang, J. Han, R. Wang, J. Cui, Y. Hou, and W. Liu, “High-sensitivity refractive index sensors based on fano resonance in the plasmonic system of splitting ring cavity-coupled mim waveguide with tooth cavity,” Applied Physics A, vol. 125, pp. 1–5, 2019. [169] M. Butt, S. Khonina, and N. Kazanskiy, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on metal–insulator-metal waveguides with high sensitivity,” Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1038–1043, 2019. [170] Y. Zhang and M. Cui, “Refractive index sensor based on the symmetric mim waveguide structure,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 48, pp. 1005–1010, 2019. [171] Y.-F. Chou Chau, C.-T. Chou Chao, H. J. Huang, N. Kumara, C. M. Lim, and H.- P. Chiang, “Ultra-high refractive index sensing structure based on a metal-insulatormetal waveguide-coupled t-shape cavity with metal nanorod defects,” Nanomaterials, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 1433, 2019. REFERENCES 167 [172] Z. Li, K. Wen, L. Chen, L. Lei, J. Zhou, D. Zhou, Y. Fang, and B. Wu, “Refractive index sensor based on multiple fano resonances in a plasmonic mim structure,” Applied optics, vol. 58, no. 18, pp. 4878–4883, 2019. [173] Y. Chen, Y. Xu, and J. Cao, “Fano resonance sensing characteristics of mim waveguide coupled square convex ring resonator with metallic baffle,” Results in physics, vol. 14, p. 102420, 2019. [174] S. Yu, T. Zhao, J. Yu, and D. Pan, “Tuning multiple fano resonances for on-chip sensors in a plasmonic system,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 1559, 2019. [175] M. R. Rakhshani, “Fano resonances based on plasmonic square resonator with high figure of merits and its application in glucose concentrations sensing,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 51, no. 9, p. 287, 2019. [176] X. Yang, E. Hua, M. Wang, Y. Wang, F. Wen, and S. Yan, “Fano resonance in a mim waveguide with two triangle stubs coupled with a split-ring nanocavity for sensing application,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 22, p. 4972, 2019. [177] Y. Fang, K. Wen, Z. Li, B. Wu, L. Chen, J. Zhou, and D. Zhou, “Multiple fano resonances based on end-coupled semi-ring rectangular resonator,” IEEE photonics journal, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1–8, 2019. [178] Y. Chen, L. Chen, K. Wen, Y. Hu, and W. Lin, “Multiple fano resonances in a coupled plasmonic resonator system,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 126, no. 8, p. 083102, 2019. [179] L. Cheng, Z. Wang, X. He, and P. Cao, “Plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple independently tunable fano resonances,” Beilstein journal of nanotechnology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 2527–2537, 2019. [180] F. Chen and J. Li, “Refractive index and temperature sensing based on defect resonator coupled with a mim waveguide,” Modern Physics Letters B, vol. 33, no. 03, p. 1950017, 2019. [181] M. A. A. Butt and N. Kazanskiy, “Enhancing the sensitivity of a standard plasmonic mim square ring resonator by incorporating the nano-dots in the cavity,” Photonics Letters of Poland, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–3, 2020. [182] M. A. Butt, N. L. Kazanskiy, and S. N. Khonina, “Highly sensitive refractive index sensor based on plasmonic bow tie configuration,” Photonic sensors, vol. 10, pp. 223– 232, 2020. REFERENCES 168 [183] Y.-P. Qi, L.-Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, T. Zhang, B.-H. Zhang, X.-Y. Deng, and X.-X. Wang, “Multiple fano resonances in metal–insulator–metal waveguide with umbrella resonator coupled with metal baffle for refractive index sensing,” Chinese Physics B, vol. 29, no. 6, p. 067303, 2020. [184] S. Asgari, S. Pooretemad, and N. Granpayeh, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a double concentric square ring resonator and stubs,” Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications, vol. 42, p. 100857, 2020. [185] S. E. Achi, A. Hocini, H. B. Salah, and A. Harhouz, “Refractive index sensor mim based waveguide coupled with a slotted side resonator,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 96, pp. 147–156, 2020. [186] J. Guo, X. Yang, Y. Wang, M. Wang, E. Hua, and S. Yan, “Refractive index nanosensor with simple structure based on fano resonance,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–10, 2020. [187] X. Yang, E. Hua, H. Su, J. Guo, and S. Yan, “A nanostructure with defect based on fano resonance for application on refractive-index and temperature sensing,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 15, p. 4125, 2020. [188] X. Liu, J. Li, J. Chen, S. Rohimah, H. Tian, and J. Wang, “Fano resonance based on d-shaped waveguide structure and its application for human hemoglobin detection,” Applied Optics, vol. 59, no. 21, pp. 6424–6430, 2020. [189] Z. Li, K. Wen, L. Chen, L. Lei, J. Zhou, D. Zhou, Y. Fang, and Y. Qin, “Manipulation of multiple fano resonances based on a novel chip-scale mdm structure,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 32 914–32 921, 2020. [190] Y. Sharma, R. Zafar, S. K. Metya, and V. Kanungo, “Split ring resonators-based plasmonics sensor with dual fano resonances,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 6050–6055, 2020. [191] S. Wang, S. Yu, T. Zhao, Y. Wang, and X. Shi, “A nanosensor with ultra-high fom based on tunable malleable multiple fano resonances in a waveguide coupled isosceles triangular resonator,” Optics communications, vol. 465, p. 125614, 2020. [192] Q. Yang, X. Liu, F. Guo, H. Bai, B. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Tan, and Z. Zhang, “Multiple fano resonance in mim waveguide system with cross-shaped cavity,” Optik, vol. 220, p. 165163, 2020. [193] D. Chauhan, R. Adhikari, R. K. Saini, S. H. Chang, and R. P. Dwivedi, “Subwavelength plasmonic liquid sensor using fano resonance in a ring resonator structure,” Optik, vol. 223, p. 165545, 2020. REFERENCES 169 [194] R. H. Sagor, M. F. Hassan, S. Sharmin, T. Z. Adry, and M. A. R. Emon, “Numerical investigation of an optimized plasmonic on-chip refractive index sensor for temperature and blood group detection,” Results in Physics, vol. 19, p. 103611, 2020. [195] Y. Wang, S. Yu, T. Zhao, Z. Hu, and S. Wang, “High figure of merit refractive index nanosensor based on fano resonances in waveguide,” Journal of Nanophotonics, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 026 021–026 021, 2020. [196] Z. Chen, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, N. Guo, and L. Xiao, “Compact plasmonic structure induced mode excitation and fano resonance,” Plasmonics, vol. 15, pp. 2177–2183, 2020. [197] M. R. Rakhshani, “Optical refractive index sensor with two plasmonic doublesquare resonators for simultaneous sensing of human blood groups,” Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications, vol. 39, p. 100768, 2020. [198] J. Chen, J. Li, X. Liu, S. Rohimah, H. Tian, and D. Qi, “Fano resonance in a mim waveguide with double symmetric rectangular stubs and its sensing characteristics,” Optics communications, vol. 482, p. 126563, 2021. [199] N. Amoosoltani, K. Mehrabi, A. Zarifkar, A. Farmani, and N. Yasrebi, “Double-ring resonator plasmonic refractive index sensor utilizing dual-band unidirectional reflectionless propagation effect,” Plasmonics, vol. 16, pp. 1277–1285, 2021. [200] M. Butt and N. Kazanskiy, “Nanoblocks embedded in l-shaped nanocavity of a plasmonic sensor for best sensor performance,” Optica Applicata, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 109– 120, 2021. [201] J. Zhu and C. Wu, “Optical refractive index sensor with fano resonance based on original mim waveguide structure,” Results in Physics, vol. 21, p. 103858, 2021. [202] F. Hu, F. Chen, H. Zhang, L. Sun, and C. Yu, “Sensor based on multiple fano resonances in mim waveguide resonator system with silver nanorod-defect,” Optik, vol. 229, p. 166237, 2021. [203] R. H. Sagor, M. F. Hassan, A. A. Yaseer, E. Surid, and M. I. Ahmed, “Highly sensitive refractive index sensor optimized for blood group sensing utilizing the fano resonance,” Applied Nanoscience, vol. 11, pp. 521–534, 2021. [204] Y.-F. C. Chau, C.-T. Chou Chao, S. Z. B. H. Jumat, M. R. R. Kooh, R. Thotagamuge, C. M. Lim, and H.-P. Chiang, “Improved refractive index-sensing performance of multimode fano-resonance-based metal-insulator-metal nanostructures,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 2097, 2021. REFERENCES 170 [205] S. She, S. Shen, Z. Wang, Q. Tan, J. Xiong, and W. Zhang, “Fano-resonance-based refractive index sensor with ultra-high sensitivity,” Results in Physics, vol. 25, p. 104327, 2021. [206] J. Chen, H. Yang, Z. Fang, M. Zhao, and C. Xie, “Refractive index sensing based on multiple fano resonances in a split-ring cavity-coupled mim waveguide,” in Photonics, vol. 8, no. 11. MDPI, 2021, p. 472. [207] X. Zhang, S. Yan, T. Li, P. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Shen, Y. Ren, and E. Hua, “Refractive index sensor based on fano resonance in a ring with a rectangular cavity structure,” Results in Physics, vol. 31, p. 104997, 2021. [208] C. Wu, Z. Guo, S. Chen, J. Yang, and K. Wen, “Refractive index sensing based on multiple fano resonances in a plasmonic defective ring-cavity system,” Results in Physics, vol. 27, p. 104508, 2021. [209] X. Liu, J. Li, J. Chen, S. Rohimah, H. Tian, and J. Wang, “Independently tunable triple fano resonances based on mim waveguide structure with a semi-ring cavity and its sensing characteristics,” Optics Express, vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 20 829–20 838, 2021. [210] H. Bahri, S. Mouetsi, A. Hocini, and H. Ben Salah, “A high sensitive sensor using mim waveguide coupled with a rectangular cavity with fano resonance,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 332, 2021. [211] G. Xiao, Y. Xu, H. Yang, Z. Ou, J. Chen, H. Li, X. Liu, L. Zeng, and J. Li, “High sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on fano resonance with inverted u-shaped resonator,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 1164, 2021. [212] M. R. Rakhshani, “Refractive index sensor based on dual side-coupled rectangular resonators and nanorods array for medical applications,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 53, no. 5, p. 232, 2021. [213] P. Liu, S. Yan, Y. Ren, X. Zhang, T. Li, X. Wu, L. Shen, and E. Hua, “A mim waveguide structure of a high-performance refractive index and temperature sensor based on fano resonance,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 22, p. 10629, 2021. [214] Y. Yu, J. Cui, G. Liu, R. Zhao, M. Zhu, G. Zhang, and W. Zhang, “Research on fano resonance sensing characteristics based on racetrack resonant cavity,” Micromachines, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 1359, 2021. [215] S. Yu, Y. Su, Z. Sun, T. Zhao, and J. Yu, “Multi-fano resonances in mim waveguides coupled with split annular cavity connected with rectangular resonator and application for multichannel refractive index sensor,” Journal of Nanophotonics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 016 004–016 004, 2021. REFERENCES 171 [216] C.-T. C. Chao, Y.-F. C. Chau, and H.-P. Chiang, “Multiple fano resonance modes in an ultra-compact plasmonic waveguide-cavity system for sensing applications,” Results in Physics, vol. 27, p. 104527, 2021. [217] C. Zhou, Y. Huo, Y. Guo, and Q. Niu, “Tunable multiple fano resonances and stable plasmonic band-stop filter based on a metal-insulator-metal waveguide,” Plasmonics, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1735–1743, 2021. [218] Z. Shao, S. Yan, F. Wen, X. Wu, and E. Hua, “Double ring nanostructure with an internal cavity and a multiple fano resonances system for refractive index sensing,” Applied Optics, vol. 60, no. 22, pp. 6623–6631, 2021. [219] H. Shi, S. Yan, X. Yang, H. Su, X. Wu, and E. Hua, “Nanosensor based on fano resonance in a metal-insulator-metal waveguide structure coupled with a half-ring,” Results in Physics, vol. 21, p. 103842, 2021. [220] A. Harhouz and A. Hocini, “Highly sensitive plasmonic temperature sensor based on fano resonances in mim waveguide coupled with defective oval resonator,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 53, no. 8, p. 439, 2021. [221] C.-T. C. Chao, Y.-F. C. Chau, A. H. Mahadi, M. R. R. Kooh, N. Kumara, H.-P. Chiang et al., “Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on the combination of rectangular and circular resonators including baffles,” Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 71, pp. 286–299, 2021. [222] H. Su, S. Yan, X. Yang, J. Guo, J. Wang, and E. Hua, “Sensing features of the fano resonance in an mim waveguide coupled with an elliptical ring resonant cavity,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 15, p. 5096, 2020. [223] J. Li, J. Chen, X. Liu, H. Tian, J. Wang, J. Cui, and S. Rohimah, “Optical sensing based on multimode fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguide systems with x-shaped resonant cavities,” Applied Optics, vol. 60, no. 18, pp. 5312–5319, 2021. [224] S. Rohimah, H. Tian, J. Wang, J. Chen, J. Li, X. Liu, J. Cui, Q. Xu, and Y. Hao, “Fano resonance in the plasmonic structure of mim waveguide with r-shaped resonator for refractive index sensor,” Plasmonics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1681–1689, 2022. [225] M. Wang, H. Tian, X. Liu, J. Li, and Y. Liu, “Multiparameter sensing based on tunable fano resonances in mim waveguide structure with square-ring and triangular cavities,” in Photonics, vol. 9, no. 5. MDPI, 2022, p. 291. [226] B. Li, H. Sun, H. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Zang, X. Cao, X. Zhu, X. Zhao, and Z. Zhang, “Refractive index sensor based on the fano resonance in metal–insulator–metal waveg- REFERENCES 172 uides coupled with a whistle-shaped cavity,” Micromachines, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 1592, 2022. [227] X. Zhang, S. Yan, J. Liu, Y. Ren, Y. Zhang, and L. Shen, “Refractive index sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal bus waveguide coupled with a u-shaped ring resonator,” Micromachines, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 750, 2022. [228] H. Bensalah, A. Hocini, H. Bahri, D. Khedrouche, S. Ingebrandt, and V. Pachauri, “A plasmonic refractive index sensor with high sensitivity and its application for temperature and detection of biomolecules,” Journal of Optics, pp. 1–12, 2022. [229] H. Fan, H. Fan, and H. Fan, “Multiple fano resonance refractive index sensor based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal based taiji resonator,” JOSA B, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 32–39, 2022. [230] Z. Guo, K. Wen, Y. Qin, Y. Fang, Z. Li, and L. Chen, “A plasmonic refractive-index sensor based multiple fano resonance multiplexing in slot-cavity resonant system,” Photonic Sensors, pp. 1–10, 2022. [231] S. Yan, Q. Wang, L. Shen, F. Liu, Y. Su, Y. Zhang, Y. Cui, G. Zhou, J. Liu, and Y. Ren, “Novel nanoscale refractive index sensor based on fano resonance,” in Photonics, vol. 9, no. 11. MDPI, 2022, p. 795. [232] Y. Ren, Q. Wang, L. Shen, F. Liu, Y. Cui, C. Zhu, Z. Chen, B. Huang, and S. Yan, “Nanoscale refractive index sensors based on fano resonance phenomena,” in Photonics, vol. 9, no. 12. MDPI, 2022, p. 982. [233] V. Najjari, S. Mirzanejhad, and A. Ghadi, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor and plasmonic bandpass filter including graded 4-step waveguide based on fano resonances,” Plasmonics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1809–1817, 2022. [234] S. Tavana and S. Bahadori-Haghighi, “Visible-range double fano resonance metal– insulator-metal plasmonic waveguide for optical refractive index sensing,” Plasmonics, pp. 1–9, 2022. [235] S. Rohimah, H. Tian, J. Wang, J. Chen, J. Li, X. Liu, J. Cui, and Y. Hao, “Tunable multiple fano resonances based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal structure for nano-sensing and plasma blood sensing applications,” Applied Optics, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1275–1283, 2022. [236] G. Zhou, S. Yan, L. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Shen, P. Liu, Y. Cui, J. Liu, T. Li, and Y. Ren, “A nano refractive index sensing structure for monitoring hemoglobin concentration in human body,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 21, p. 3784, 2022. REFERENCES 173 [237] A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, and H. Tayoub, “Refractive index sensing and label-free detection employing oval resonator structured plasmonic sensor,” 2022. [238] Q. Wang, S. Yan, J. Liu, X. Zhang, L. Shen, P. Liu, Y. Cui, T. Li, and Y. Ren, “Refractive index and alcohol-concentration sensor based on fano phenomenon,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 21, p. 8197, 2022. [239] S. Dong, H. Liu, Y. Zheng, J. Zhang, S. Xia, C. Dong, K. Shen, C. Deng, W. Luo, M. Su et al., “Numerical study on the biosensing in mid-infrared based on multiple fano-resonance plasmonic waveguide,” Optik, vol. 270, p. 170042, 2022. [240] L. Shen, S. Yan, P. Liu, J. Cui, J. Liu, and Z. Chen, “Tunable nano refractive-index sensor structure base on fano resonance,” in 2022 4th International Conference on Intelligent Control, Measurement and Signal Processing (ICMSP). IEEE, 2022, pp. 247–250. [241] G. Zhou, S. Yan, L. Shen, Y. Zhang, and Y. Ren, “A high-performance nano-refractive index sensor structure based on fano resonance,” in 2022 9th International Forum on Electrical Engineering and Automation (IFEEA). IEEE, 2022, pp. 30–33. [242] Q. Wang, S. Yan, C. Zhu, L. Shen, and Y. Ren, “Petal-type refractive index sensor based on fano resonance,” in 2022 9th International Forum on Electrical Engineering and Automation (IFEEA). IEEE, 2022, pp. 34–37. [243] Y. Liu, H. Tian, X. Zhang, M. Wang, and Y. Hao, “Quadruple fano resonances in mim waveguide structure with ring cavities for multisolution concentration sensing,” Applied Optics, vol. 61, no. 35, pp. 10 548–10 555, 2022. [244] W. Wu, X. Zhang, Z. Chen, Y. Zhang, F. Wen, and S. Yan, “Refractive index sensor based on fano resonance in a ring with a stub cavity structure,” in 2022 4th International Conference on Intelligent Control, Measurement and Signal Processing (ICMSP). IEEE, 2022, pp. 415–418. [245] I. Tathfif, M. F. Hassan, K. S. Rashid, A. A. Yaseer, and R. H. Sagor, “A highly sensitive plasmonic refractive index sensor based on concentric triple ring resonator for cancer biomarker and chemical concentration detection,” Optics Communications, vol. 519, p. 128429, 2022. [246] Q. Wu, Y. Zhang, D. Qu, and C. Li, “Independently tunable triple fano resonances in plasmonic waveguide structure and its applications for sensing,” Journal of Nanophotonics, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 036008, 2022. [247] Y. Pan, Q. Meng, and F. Chen, “Realizing multiple fano resonance in an end-coupled semi-ring resonator-coupled waveguide structure,” Journal of Optics, pp. 1–9, 2022. REFERENCES 174 [248] “Ap physics c: E&m – 5.3 maxwell’s equations — fiveable,” https: //library.fiveable.me/ap-physics-e-m/unit-5/maxwells-equations/study-guide/ YsKXHFylQLUCBDwyS3kR, (Accessed on 05/13/2023). [249] J. Perez-Coll Jim ´ enez, P. Tenfjord, M. Hesse, C. Norgren, N. Kwagala, H. M. Kolstø, ´ and S. F. Spinnangr, “The role of resistivity on the efficiency of magnetic reconnection in mhd,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol. 127, no. 6, p. e2021JA030134, 2022. [250] D. J. Hagan, “Ose5312–light-matter interaction,” 2013. [251] G. Wang, C. Wang, R. Yang, W. Liu, and S. Sun, “A sensitive and stable surface plasmon resonance sensor based on monolayer protected silver film,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 2777, 2017. [252] C. S. Desai and J. F. Abel, Introduction to the finite element method; a numerical method for engineering analysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971. [253] M. N. Sadiku, Numerical techniques in electromagnetics with MATLAB. CRC press, 2018. [254] “University physics with modern physics - pdf free download,” https: //epdf.tips/university-physics-with-modern-physics-5ea812696fe3f.html, (Accessed on 05/13/2023). [255] S. BEA and M. Teich, “Fundamentals of photonics,” Wiley, p. 313, 1991. [256] F. Pisano, M. F. Kashif, A. Balena, M. Pisanello, F. De Angelis, L. M. de la Prida, M. Valiente, A. D’Orazio, M. De Vittorio, M. Grande et al., “Plasmonics on a neural implant: Engineering light–matter interactions on the nonplanar surface of tapered optical fibers,” Advanced Optical Materials, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 2101649, 2022. [257] G. Wang, C. Wang, R. Yang, W. Liu, and S. Sun, “A sensitive and stable surface plasmon resonance sensor based on monolayer protected silver film,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 2777, 2017. [258] M. Danaie and A. Shahzadi, “Design of a high-resolution metal–insulator–metal plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a ring-shaped si resonator,” Plasmonics, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1453–1465, 2019. [259] M. F. Hassan, R. H. Sagor, M. R. Amin, M. R. Islam, and M. S. Alam, “Point of care detection of blood electrolytes and glucose utilizing nano-dot enhanced plasmonic biosensor,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 16, pp. 17 749–17 757, 2021. REFERENCES 175 [260] K. S. Rashid, I. Tathfif, A. A. Yaseer, M. F. Hassan, and R. H. Sagor, “Cog-shaped refractive index sensor embedded with gold nanorods for temperature sensing of multiple analytes,” Optics Express, vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 37 541–37 554, 2021. [261] M. Yan and M. Qiu, “Analysis of surface plasmon polariton using anisotropic finite elements,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 19, no. 22, pp. 1804–1806, 2007. [262] A. D. Rakic, A. B. Djuri ´ siˇ c, J. M. Elazar, and M. L. Majewski, “Optical properties ´ of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices,” Applied optics, vol. 37, no. 22, pp. 5271–5283, 1998. [263] M. Butt, S. Khonina, and N. Kazanskiy, “A multichannel metallic dual nano-wall square split-ring resonator: design analysis and applications,” Laser Physics Letters, vol. 16, no. 12, p. 126201, 2019. [264] X.-P. Jin, X.-G. Huang, J. Tao, X.-S. Lin, and Q. Zhang, “A novel nanometeric plasmonic refractive index sensor,” IEEE transactions on nanotechnology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 134–137, 2010. [265] S. A. Maier et al., Plasmonics: fundamentals and applications. Springer, 2007, vol. 1. [266] Q. Zhang, X.-G. Huang, X.-S. Lin, J. Tao, and X.-P. Jin, “A subwavelength couplertype mim optical filter,” Optics express, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 7549–7554, 2009. [267] C. Yang, B. Yan, Q. Wang, J. Zhao, H. Zhang, H. Yu, H. Fan, and D. Jia, “Sensitivity improvement of an optical fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance with pure higher-order modes,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 4020, 2023. [268] Y. Zhang, B. Lin, S. C. Tjin, H. Zhang, G. Wang, P. Shum, and X. Zhang, “Refractive index sensing based on higher-order mode reflection of a microfiber bragg grating,” Optics express, vol. 18, no. 25, pp. 26 345–26 350, 2010. [269] M. Butt, S. Khonina, and N. Kazanskiy, “Hybrid plasmonic waveguide-assisted metal–insulator–metal ring resonator for refractive index sensing,” Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1135–1140, 2018. [270] M. Bazgir, M. Jalalpour, F. B. Zarrabi, and A. S. Arezoomand, “Design of an optical switch and sensor based on a mim coupled waveguide using a dna composite,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 49, pp. 2173–2178, 2020. [271] C.-T. Chou Chao, Y.-F. Chou Chau, H. J. Huang, N. Kumara, M. R. R. Kooh, C. M. Lim, and H.-P. Chiang, “Highly sensitive and tunable plasmonic sensor based on a nanoring resonator with silver nanorods,” Nanomaterials, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 1399, 2020. REFERENCES 176 [272] M. A. Butt, A. Kazmierczak, N. L. Kazanskiy, and S. N. Khonina, “Metal-insulator- ´ metal waveguide-based racetrack integrated circular cavity for refractive index sensing application,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 1419, 2021. [273] N. L. Kazanskiy, S. N. Khonina, M. A. Butt, A. Kazmierczak, and R. Piramidowicz, ´ “A numerical investigation of a plasmonic sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal waveguide for simultaneous detection of biological analytes and ambient temperature,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 2551, 2021. [274] M. A. Butt, S. N. Khonina, and N. L. Kazanskiy, “Simple and improved plasmonic sensor configuration established on mim waveguide for enhanced sensing performance,” Plasmonics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1305–1314, 2022. [275] W. K. Jung and K. M. Byun, “Fabrication of nanoscale plasmonic structures and their applications to photonic devices and biosensors,” Biomedical Engineering Letters, vol. 1, pp. 153–162, 2011. [276] S.-W. Lee, K.-S. Lee, J. Ahn, J.-J. Lee, M.-G. Kim, and Y.-B. Shin, “Highly sensitive biosensing using arrays of plasmonic au nanodisks realized by nanoimprint lithography,” ACS nano, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 897–904, 2011. [277] M. F. Hassan, I. Tathfif, M. Radoan, and R. H. Sagor, “A concentric double-ring resonator based plasmonic refractive index sensor with glucose sensing capability,” in 2020 IEEE REGION 10 CONFERENCE (TENCON). IEEE, 2020, pp. 91–96. [278] H. Nugroho, L. Hasanah, C. Wulandari, R. Pawinanto, M. H. Haron, A. R. Zain, D. Berhanuddin, B. Mulyanti, P. Singh, and P. S. Menon, “Silicon on insulator-based microring resonator and au nanofilm krestchmann-based surface plasmon resonance glucose sensors for lab-on-a-chip applications,” International Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 29–41, 2020. [279] S. Ghorbani, M. Sadeghi, and Z. Adelpour, “A highly sensitive and compact plasmonic ring nano-biosensor for monitoring glucose concentration,” Laser Physics, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 026204, 2019. [280] K. E. You, N. Uddin, T. H. Kim, Q. H. Fan, and H. J. Yoon, “Highly sensitive detection of biological substances using microfluidic enhanced fabry-perot etalon-based optical biosensors,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 277, pp. 62–68, 2018. [281] M. Amasia and M. Madou, “Large-volume centrifugal microfluidic device for blood plasma separation,” Bioanalysis, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 1701–1710, 2010. REFERENCES 177 [282] A. W. Mohammad, R. K. Basha, and C. P. Leo, “Nanofiltration of glucose solution containing salts: Effects of membrane characteristics, organic component and salts on retention,” Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 510–518, 2010. [283] M. Xu, D. P. Papageorgiou, S. Z. Abidi, M. Dao, H. Zhao, and G. E. Karniadakis, “A deep convolutional neural network for classification of red blood cells in sickle cell anemia,” PLoS computational biology, vol. 13, no. 10, p. e1005746, 2017. [284] S. Mostufa, A. K. Paul, and K. Chakrabarti, “Detection of hemoglobin in blood and urine glucose level samples using a graphene-coated spr based biosensor,” OSA Continuum, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 2164–2176, 2021. [285] R. Kumar, “Iron deficiency anemia (ida), their prevalence, and awareness among girls of reproductive age of distt mandi himachal pradesh, india,” International Letters of Natural Sciences, 2014. [286] A. J. Erslev, J. Caro, E. Kansu, O. Miller, and E. Cobbs, “Plasma erythropoietin in polycythemia,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 243–247, 1979. [287] M. A. Jabin, K. Ahmed, M. J. Rana, B. K. Paul, M. Islam, D. Vigneswaran, and M. S. Uddin, “Surface plasmon resonance based titanium coated biosensor for cancer cell detection,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1–10, 2019. [288] P. Sharma, P. Sharan, and P. Deshmukh, “A photonic crystal sensor for analysis and detection of cancer cells,” in 2015 International conference on pervasive computing (ICPC). IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–5. [289] P. Kumar, V. Kumar, J. S. Roy et al., “Dodecagonal photonic crystal fibers with negative dispersion and low confinement loss,” Optik, vol. 144, pp. 363–369, 2017. [290] V. Dhinakaran, M. Chellappan Thangappan, A. Natesan, and K. Krishnan, “High amplitude sensitivity gold-coated trichannel photonic crystal fibre for refractive index sensor,” IET Optoelectronics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 185–193, 2021. [291] M. Kumar, V. Muniswamy, K. Guha, J. Iannacci, and N. Krishnaswamy, “Analysis of integrated silicon nitride lab-on-a-chip optofluidic sensor at visible wavelength for absorbance based biosensing applications,” Microsystem Technologies, pp. 1–8, 2021. [292] R. Bacallao, K. Kiai, and L. Jesaitis, “Guiding principles of specimen preservation for confocal fluorescence microscopy,” Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, pp. 311–325, 1995. [293] I. J. Bigio and S. G. Bown, “Spectrroscopic sensing of cancer and cancer therapy: Current status of translational research,” Cancer biology & therapy, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 259–267, 2004. REFERENCES 178 [294] R. J. Simpson, “Homogenization of mammalian tissue,” Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, vol. 2010, no. 7, pp. pdb–prot5455, 2010. [295] A. Boyde and C. Wood, “Preparation of animal tissues for surface-scanning electron microscopy,” Journal of Microscopy, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 221–249, 1969. [296] J.-C. Lai, Y.-Y. Zhang, Z.-H. Li, H.-J. Jiang, and A.-Z. He, “Complex refractive index measurement of biological tissues by attenuated total reflection ellipsometry,” Applied optics, vol. 49, no. 16, pp. 3235–3238, 2010. [297] Z. Zhang, L. Luo, C. Xue, W. Zhang, and S. Yan, “Fano resonance based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled double rectangular cavities for plasmonic nanosensors,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 642, 2016. [298] X.-P. Jin, X.-G. Huang, J. Tao, X.-S. Lin, and Q. Zhang, “A novel nanometeric plasmonic refractive index sensor,” IEEE transactions on nanotechnology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 134–137, 2010. [299] Y.-F. C. Chau, C.-T. Chou Chao, S. Z. B. H. Jumat, M. R. R. Kooh, R. Thotagamuge, C. M. Lim, and H.-P. Chiang, “Improved refractive index-sensing performance of multimode fano-resonance-based metal-insulator-metal nanostructures,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 2097, 2021. [300] S. Yan, M. Zhang, X. Zhao, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, and W. Jin, “Refractive index sensor based on a metal–insulator–metal waveguide coupled with a symmetric structure,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 2879, 2017. [301] X. Zhang, Y. Qi, P. Zhou, H. Gong, B. Hu, and C. Yan, “Refractive index sensor based on fano resonances in plasmonic waveguide with dual side-coupled ring resonators,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 8, pp. 367–374, 2018. [302] M. Wang, M. Zhang, Y. Wang, R. Zhao, and S. Yan, “Fano resonance in an asymmetric mim waveguide structure and its application in a refractive index nanosensor,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 791, 2019. [303] M. A. Butt, N. L. Kazanskiy, and S. N. Khonina, “Highly sensitive refractive index sensor based on plasmonic bow tie configuration,” Photonic sensors, vol. 10, pp. 223– 232, 2020. [304] Y.-F. Chou Chau, T. Y. Ming, C.-T. Chou Chao, R. Thotagamuge, M. R. R. Kooh, H. J. Huang, C. M. Lim, and H.-P. Chiang, “Significantly enhanced coupling effect and gap plasmon resonance in a mim-cavity based sensing structure,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 18515, 2021. REFERENCES 179 [305] M. Irigoyen, J. A. Sanchez-Martin, E. Bernabeu, and A. Zamora, “Tapered optical ´ fiber sensor for chemical pollutants detection in seawater,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 045802, 2017. [306] Y. W. Fen, W. M. M. Yunus et al., “Characterization of the optical properties of heavy metal ions using surface plasmon resonance technique,” Opt. Photonics J, vol. 1, no. 03, pp. 116–123, 2011. [307] P. Sun, Y. Chen, C. Gao, X. Liu, X. Yang, and M. Xu, “Heavy metal ion detection on a surface plasmatic resonance based on the change of refractive index,” in 9th international symposium on advanced optical manufacturing and testing technologies: optoelectronic materials and devices for sensing and imaging, vol. 10843. SPIE, 2019, pp. 365–373. [308] P. Arasu, Y. Al-Qazwini, B. I. Onn, and A. Noor, “Fiber bragg grating based surface plasmon resonance sensor utilizing fdtd for alcohol detection applications,” in 2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Photonics. IEEE, 2012, pp. 93–97. [309] J. Zhu and G. Wang, “Measurement of water content in heavy oil with cavity resonator,” Results in Physics, vol. 18, p. 103192, 2020. [310] K. Ahmed, M. J. Haque, M. A. Jabin, B. K. Paul, I. S. Amiri, and P. Yupapin, “Tetracore surface plasmon resonance based biosensor for alcohol sensing,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 570, pp. 48–52, 2019. [311] K. S. Rashid, M. F. Hassan, A. A. Yaseer, I. Tathfif, and R. H. Sagor, “Gas-sensing and label-free detection of biomaterials employing multiple rings structured plasmonic nanosensor,” Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, vol. 33, p. 100440, 2021. [312] Z. Jun, W. Xu, Z. Xu, D. Fu, S. Song, and D. Wei, “Surface plasmon polariton mode in the metal-insulator-metal waveguide,” Optik, vol. 134, pp. 187–193, 2017. [313] Y. Fang, K. Wen, Z. Li, B. Wu, and Z. Guo, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor with multi-channel fano resonances based on mim waveguides,” Modern Physics Letters B, vol. 34, no. 16, p. 2050173, 2020. [314] R. Al Mahmud, M. O. Faruque, and R. H. Sagor, “Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on ring-type pentagonal resonator with high sensitivity,” Plasmonics, vol. 16, pp. 873–880, 2021. [315] W. Guo, X. Zhu, Y. Liu, and H. Zhuang, “Sugar and water contents of honey with dielectric property sensing,” Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 275– 281, 2010. REFERENCES 180 [316] E. Diacu and E. F. Tantaveanu, “Determination of moisture content and its correlation with other parameters in honey quality control,” REVISTA DE CHIMIEBUCHAREST-ORIGINAL EDITION-, vol. 58, no. 12, p. 1310, 2007. [317] O. James, M. Mesubi, L. Usman, S. Yeye, K. Ajanaku, K. Ogunniran, O. O. Ajani, and T. Siyanbola, “Physical characterisation of some honey samples from north-central nigeria,” International Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 464–470, 2009. [318] M. Paques and C. Lindner, Lactose: Evolutionary role, health effects, and applications. academic press, 2019. [319] S. A. Abrams, I. J. Griffin, and P. M. Davila, “Calcium and zinc absorption from lactose-containing and lactose-free infant formulas,” The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 442–446, 2002. [320] E. Romero-Velarde, D. Delgado-Franco, M. Garc´ıa-Gutierrez, C. Gurrola-D ´ ´ıaz, A. Larrosa-Haro, E. Montijo-Barrios, F. A. Muskiet, B. Vargas-Guerrero, and J. Geurts, “The importance of lactose in the human diet: Outcomes of a mexican consensus meeting,” Nutrients, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 2737, 2019. [321] S. B. Matthews, J. Waud, A. G. Roberts, and A. K. Campbell, “Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem,” Postgraduate medical journal, vol. 81, no. 953, pp. 167–173, 2005. [322] R. Mattar, D. F. de Campos Mazo, and F. J. Carrilho, “Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors,” Clinical and experimental gastroenterology, pp. 113– 121, 2012. [323] E. J. McDonald and A. L. Turcotte, “Density and refractive indices of lactose solutions,” Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards, vol. 41, no. 63, p. e68, 1948. [324] A. Ja¨askel ¨ ainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and J. R ¨ aty, “On reflectometric measurement of a ¨ refractive index of milk,” Journal of dairy science, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 38–43, 2001. [325] N. Wagholikar and S. Jagtap, “Optical characterization of sucrose (c12h21o11) at different temperatures,” IJIRSET, vol. 6, pp. 2625–2630, 2017. [326] N. Kinrot, Investigation of Bulk Material Sensing Using Periodically Segmented Waveguide Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Chemical/biosensing. Tel Aviv University, 2005. en_US
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2091
dc.description Supervised by Prof. Dr. Rakibul Hasan Sagor, Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Bangladesh en_US
dc.description.abstract This research provides an overview of the design, fabrication, and applications of plasmonic nanosensors, highlighting their unique capabilities in detecting and analyzing molecular interactions at the nanoscale. A plasmonic refractive index nanosensor is a device that utilizes the interaction of light with metallic nanoparticles to detect and quantify changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium, enabling highly sensitive and label-free detection of various analytes. They use surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and as per lightmatter interaction, they provide optical response depending on the quantity to be sensed. In this paper, three plasmonic refractive index sensor designs are proposed. The sensors have been evaluated with the finite element method (FEM) with scattering boundary conditions. The theoretical background of the functionalities and properties of plasmonic materials is explained. A plasmonic refractive index nanosensor with a modified rectangular resonator with baffles and nanorod has been proposed and it exhibits maximum sensitivity of 2963.73 nm/RIU and FOM of 25.1. Another plasmonic nanosensor design with an opposingface-semi-circular ring resonator integrated with nanorods has been proposed and it exhibits maximum sensitivity of 2975.96 nm/RIU and the recorded maximum FOM is 43.95. Lastly, another novel plasmonic nanosensor design with a modified octagonal resonator embedded with silver nanorods is proposed and as per the numerical investigation, it exhibits maximum sensitivity of 2527.6 nm/RIU with a corresponding FOM value of 16.24. The linear relationship of resonant wavelength with the refractive index has been used in advantage to detect unknown materials. Thus the application of these nanosensor designs in the medical and healthcare sectors e.g. diabetes detection, anemia detection, and classification of cancer cells are investigated. Furthermore, the application of nanosensors in the environment and safety applications are explored by the detection of chemical pollutants and heavy metals in water. The potential application in the food industry has also been explored by testing the capabilities of detecting water adulteration in honey and lactose detection in solutions. The wide range of applications of plasmonic nanosensors and their fabrication process are elaborately discussed. en_US
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Department of Electrical and Elecrtonics Engineering(EEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh en_US
dc.title Exploring the Diverse Applications of Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensors: Unveiling a New Realm of Possibilities en_US
dc.type Thesis en_US


Files in this item

This item appears in the following Collection(s)

Show simple item record

Search IUT Repository


Advanced Search

Browse

My Account

Statistics