Innovative Approaches to Stability of  Embankment - A Role of Chemical Stabilization  in Erosion Mitigation

Auty, Kemia Mahfuz; Zaman, Rafi Uz; Kamal, Nurain Naz

IUT Repository Home
→
Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
→
Thesis
→
Undergraduate
→
2024
→
View Item

dc.contributor.author	Auty, Kemia Mahfuz
dc.contributor.author	Zaman, Rafi Uz
dc.contributor.author	Kamal, Nurain Naz
dc.date.accessioned	2024-09-30T08:21:09Z
dc.date.available	2024-09-30T08:21:09Z
dc.date.issued	2024-06-30
dc.identifier.citation	[1] Islam, M. N. (2000). “Embankment Erosion Control: Towards Cheap and Simple Practical Solutions for Bangladesh”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Vetiver (ICV2), pp. 307–321 [2] Nwankwo, K. N. (2001, January). “Polyacrylamide as a Soil Stabilizer for Erosion Control “(Report No. WI-06-98). Wisconsin Department of Transportation. http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/wi-06-98polyacryl1.pdf [3] Liu, J., Shi, B., Jiang, H., Huang, H., Wang, G., & Kamai, T. (2011). Research on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil by organic polymer soil stabilizer. Engineering Geology, 117(1-2), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.10.011 [4] Liu, J., Chen, Z., Kanungo, D. P., Song, Z., Bai, Y., Wang, Y., Li, D., & Qian, W. (2019). Topsoil reinforcement of sandy slope for preventing erosion using water-based polyurethane soil stabilizer. Engineering Geology, 252, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.03.003 [5] Zezin, P. (2015). Interpolyelectrolyte complexes as versatile binders for environmental and geotechnical applications. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 33(2), 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9825-7 [6] Santoni, R. L., Tingle, J. S., & Webster, S. L. (2001). Engineering Properties of Sand-Fiber Mixtures for Road Construction. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(3), 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(258) [7] Shainberg, I., Warrington, D. N., Levy, G. J., & Goldstein, D. (2002). Polyacrylamide: A review of the use, effectiveness, and cost of a soil erosion control amendment. Arid Land Research and Management, 16(1), 73-85 [8] Al-Khanbashi, A. M., Al-Homoud, M. S., & Al-Muhit, B. A. (2002). Mechanical and hydraulic properties of a sand-polymer composite. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 20(4), 223-239. [9] Santoni, R. L., Tingle, J. S., & Webster, S. L. (2005). Evaluation of Nontraditional Additives for Stabilization of Silty Sand. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 17(5), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:5(561) [10] Consoli, N. C., da Silva Lopes, L., Festugato, L., & Cruz, R. C. (2011). Effect of fiber reinforcement on the strength of cemented soils. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 29(3), 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.11.005 [11] Premkumar, S., Piratheepan, J.,Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M. M., & Rajeev, P. (2016). Experimental Study on Contact Erosion Failure in Pavement Embankment with Dispersive Clay. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(4), 04015179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001452 107 \| P a g e [12] Jang, J., & Santamarina, J. C. (2016). Biopolymer soil treatment for geotechnical applications. Geoenvironmental Engineering, 19(9), 783-792. [13] Liu, J., Qi, X., Zhang, D., Feng, Q., Wang, Y., & Kanungo, D. P. (2017). Study on the Permeability Characteristics of Polyurethane Soil Stabilizer Reinforced Sand. [Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering], 29(4), 04017020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5240186C [14] Rezaeimalek, S., Huang, J., & Bin-Shafique, S. (2017). Evaluation of curing method and mix design of a moisture-activated polymer for sand stabilization. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.093 [15] Sepehr, M., Baghban, M., Ghanbari, A., Bozorgvar, A., & Baghban, M. (2018). Curing Method and Mix Design Evaluation of a Styrene-Acrylic Based Liquid Polymer for Sand and Clay Stabilization. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(9), 04018142 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002396 [16] Liu, J., Bai, Y., Song, Z., Lu, Y., Qian, W., & Kanungo, D. P. (2018). Evaluation of Strength Properties of Sand Modified with Organic Polymers. Polymers, 10(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030287 [17] Yang, Q. W., Pei, X. J., Huang, R. Q., Liu, Y. B., Li, S. P., & Li, X. B. (2019). Effect of Methyl Carboxymethyl Cellulose (M-CMC) on the Engineering Properties of Silty Sand and its Application in Slope Erosion Control. Materials (MDPI), 12(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-4905-6 [18] Song, Z., Liu, J., Bai, Y., Wei, J., Li, D., Wang, Q., Chen, Z., Kanungo, D. P., & Qian, W. (2019). Laboratory and Field Experiments on the Effect of Vinyl Acetate Polymer-Reinforced Soil. Applied Sciences, 9(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010208 [19] Yakupoglu, T., Rodrigo-Comino, J., & Cerdà, A. (2019). Potential Benefits of Polymers in Soil Erosion Control for Agronomical Plans: A Laboratory Experiment. Agronomy, 9(6), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060276 [20] Zomorodian, S. M. A., Moghispoor, S., O'Kelly, B. C., & Babaei, S. S. (2020). Improving internal erosion resistance of silty sand using additives. [Journal of Dam Safety Rehabilitation & Improvement], 20, 00007. https://doi.org/10.1680/jdare.20.00007 [21] Gautam, S., Hoyos, L. R., He, S., & Prabakar, S. (2020). Chemical treatment of a highly expansive clay using a liquid ionic soil stabilizer. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(5), 3323-3334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01342-1 [22] Farooq, M. U., Mujtaba, H.,Farooq, K., Sivakugan, N., & Das, B. M. (2020). Evaluation of Stability and Erosion Characteristics of soil Embankment Slope Reinforced with Different Natural Additives. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil 108 \| P a g e Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00340-5 [23] Bai, Y., Liu, J., Cui, Y., & Shi, X. (2021). Mechanical behavior of polymer stabilized sand under different temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 290(5), 123237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123237 [24] Zhang, F., Wang, M., & Yang, M. (2021). Successful application of the Taguchi method to simulated soil erosion experiments at the slope scale under various conditions. CATENA, 196(6), 104835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104835 [25] Liu Jin, Bai Yuxia, Song Zezhuo, Lu Yi, Qian Wei and Kanungo Debi. (2018), “Evaluation of Strength Properties of Sand Modified with Organic Polymers” Polymers 10, no. 3: 287, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/20734360/10/3/287 [26] Chao Xing, Xueyan Liu and Kumar Anupam, “Response of Sandy Soil Stabilized by Polymer Additives,” Open Access Journal of Environmental & Soil Science, Lupine Publishers, LLC, vol. 1(3), pages 64-71, 2018. [27] Boaventura, N. F., Sousa, T. F. P., & Casagrande, M. D. T. (2023). The application of an eco-friendly synthetic polymer as a sandy soil stabilizer [Article]. Polymers, 15(24), 4626. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244626 [28] Wang, L., Yao, Y., Li, J. (), Liu, K., & Wu, F. (2023). A state-of-the-art review of organic polymer modifiers for slope eco-engineering. Polymers, 15(13), 2878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124685 [29] Bangladesh Water Development Board, BWDB (2000). “The Dampara Water Management Project, A Joint Project by Bangladesh Water Development Board and Canadian International Agency [30] Ben-Hur, M. and Letey, J. (1989). “Effect of Polysaccharide, Clay Dispersion and Impact Energy on Water Infiltration”. Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 53, pp. 233–238. [31] Wakindiki, I. C. and Ben-Hur, M. (2002). “Soil Mineralogy and Texture Effects on Crust Micromorphology, Infiltration, and Erosion”. Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 66, pp. 897–905. [32] Arifuzzaman (2011). “Effectiveness of Vetiver Grass in Slope Protection as a Coastal Area of Bangladesh”, M.Sc Engg. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh [33] Gray, D. H. and Sotir, R. B. (1996). “Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization”. John Wiley, New York. 425. [34] Little, D. N., & Nair, S. (2009). Stabilization of Clay Soils with Lime. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2101(1), 123-132. 109 \| P a g e [35] Tingle, J. S., & Santoni, R. L. (2003). Stabilization of Clay Soils with Nontraditional Additives. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1819(1), 72-84. [36]J. Davidovits, Geopolymers: Inorganic polymeric new materials, J. Therm. Anal. 37 (8) (1991) 1633–1656, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01912193 [37]G.P. Zhang, J. He, R.P. Gambrell, Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties of red mud-based geopolymers, Transp. Res. Record 2167 (1) (2010) 1–9, https://doi.org/10.3141/2167-01. [38]K.J.D. MacKenzie, D. Brew, R. Fletcher, C. Nicholson, R. Vagana, M. Schmücker, Advances in understanding the synthesis mechanisms of new geopolymeric materials, Novel Process. Ceram. Compos. (2006) 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118144114.ch19 [39]J. He, G.P. Zhang, Geopolymerization of Red Mud and Fly Ash for Civil Infrastructure Applications, in: J. Han, D.E. Alzamora (Eds.), Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Dallas, Texas, United States, 2011, pp. 1287–1296. https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)132 [40]M. Steveson, K. Sagoe-Crentsil, Relationships between composition, structure and strength of inorganic polymers: part I Metakaolin-derived inorganic polymers, JMatS 40 (8) (2005) 2023–2036, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1226-2. [41]M. Steveson, K. Sagoe-Crentsil, Relationships between composition, structure and strength of inorganic polymers: Part 2 Fly ash-derived inorganic polymers, JMatS 40 (16) (2005) 4247– 4259, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-2794-x. [42]A. Fern´andez-Jim´enez, A. Palomo, Chemical durability of geopolymers, in: J.L. Provis, J.S.J. van Deventer (Eds.), Geopolymers, Woodhead Publishing2009, pp. 167-193. [43]S. Kalia, L. Av´erous, Biodegradable and Biobased Polymers for Environmental and Biomedical Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, Hoboken (NJ), 2016 [44]T. Osmalek, A. Froelich, S. Tasarek, Application of gellan gum in pharmacy and medicine, Int. J. Pharm. 466 (1–2) (2014) 328–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.038 [45]I. Chang, M. Lee, A.T.P. Tran, S. Lee, Y.M. Kwon, J. Im, G.C. Cho, Review on biopolymer-based soil treatment (BPST) technology in geotechnical engineering practices, Transp. Geotech. 24 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. trgeo.2020.100385 [46]J.H. Lora, W.G. Glasser, Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials, J. Polym. Environ. 10 (1–2) (2002) 39–48, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021070006895 [47]B. Chen, Polymer–clay nanocomposites: an overview with emphasis on interaction mechanisms, Br. Ceram. Trans. 103 (6) (2004) 241–249, 110 \| P a g e [48]Y. Liu, M. Chang, Q. Wang, Y.F. Wang, J. Liu, C. Cao, W. Zheng, Y. Bao, I. Rocchi, Use of Sulfur-Free Lignin as a novel soil additive: a multi-scale experimental investigation, Eng. Geol. 269 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enggeo.2020.105551 [49]I. Chang, J. Im, G.C. Cho, Introduction of microbial biopolymers in soil treatment for future environmentally-friendly and sustainable geotechnical engineering, Sustainability 8 (3) (2016) 251, https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030251 [50]I. Yakimets, S.S. Paes, N. Wellner, A.C. Smith, R.H. Wilson, J.R. Mitchell, Effect of water content on the structural reorganization and elastic properties of biopolymer films: a comparative study, Biomacromolecules 8 (5) (2007) 1710–1722, https://doi.org/10.1021/bm070050x [51] A.F. Cabalar, M.H. Awraheem, M.M. Khalaf, Geotechnical properties of a lowplasticity clay with biopolymer, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (8) (2018) 04018170, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002380 [52]I. Chang, J. Im, G.C. Cho, Geotechnical engineering behaviors of gellan gum biopolymer treated sand, Can. Geotech. J. 53 (10) (2016) 1658–1670, https:// doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0475 [53]T. Zhang, Y.L. Yang, S.Y. Liu, Application of biomass by-product lignin stabilized soils as sustainable Geomaterials: a review, Sci. Total Environ. 728 (2020), 138830, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138830. [54]A. Bouazza, W.P. Gates, P.G. Ranjith, Hydraulic conductivity of biopolymer-treated silty sand, Geotechnique 59 (1) (2009) 71–72, https://doi.org/10.1680/ geot.2007.00137 [55]H.R. Khatami, B.C. O’Kelly, Improving Mechanical Properties of Sand Using Biopolymers, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8) (2013) 1402–1406, https:// doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)Gt.1943-5606.0000861 [56]I. Chang, G.C. Cho, Geotechnical behavior of a beta-1,3/1,6-glucan biopolymer-treated residual soil, Geomech. Eng. 7 (6) (2014) 633–647, https://doi.org/ 10.12989/gae.2014.7.6.633. [57] R.E. Sojka, D.L. Bjorneberg, J.A. Entry, R.D. Lentz, W.J. Orts, Polyacrylamide in Agriculture and Environmental Land Management, in: D.L. Sparks (Ed.), Advances in Agronomy, Vol 92, Elsevier Academic Press Inc, San Diego, 2007, pp. 75–162. [58]C.A. Seybold, Polyacrylamide review: soil conditioning and environmental fate, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25 (11–12) (2008) 2171–2185, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369180. [59] H. Soltani-Jigheh, M. Bagheri, A.R. Amani-Ghadim, Use of hydrophilic polymeric stabilizer to improve strength and durability of fine-grained soils, Cold. Reg. Sci. Technol. 157 (2019) 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.10.011 111 \| P a g e [60] T. Ohara, T. Sato, N. Shimizu, G. Prescher, H. Schwind, O. Weiberg, K. Marten, H. Greim, T.D. Shaffer, P. Nandi, Acrylic acid and derivatives, ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial, Chemistry (2020) 1–21. [61] J.A. Brydson, Poly (vinyl acetate) and its Derivatives, in: J.A. Brydson (Ed.), Plastics Materials (Seventh Edition), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1999, pp. 386–397. [62] J. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Lu, Q. Feng, F.M. Zhang, C.Q. Qi, J.H. Wei, D.P. Kanungo, Effect of polyvinyl acetate stabilization on the swelling-shrinkage properties of expansive soil, Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2017 (2017) 8128020, https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2017/8128020 [63] Z.Z. Song, J. Liu, Y.X. Bai, J.H. Wei, D. Li, Q.Y. Wang, Z.H. Chen, D.P. Kanungo, W. Qian, Laboratory and field experiments on the effect of vinyl acetate polymerreinforced soil, Appl. Sci. 9 (1) (2019) 208 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010208 [64] S. Arasan, F. Is¸ik, R.K. Akbulut, A.S. Zaimo˘glu, O. Nasirpur, Rapid stabilization of sands with deep mixing method using polyester, Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 59 (3) (2015) 405–411, https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.7956. [65] J. Liu, B. Shi, H.T. Jiang, H. Huang, G.H. Wang, T. Kamai, Research on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil by organic polymer soil stabilizer, Eng. Geol. 117 (1–2) (2011) 114–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enggeo.2010.10.011. [66] M. Ayeldeen, M. Kitazume, using fiber and liquid polymer to improve the behaviour of cement-stabilized soft clay, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 45 (6) (2017) 592-602. doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.05.005 [67] H. Soltani-Jigheh, S.N.T. Yaghoubi, Effect of liquid polymer on properties of fine-grained soils, Geotechnique Engineering, 50, (4), 21-29 (2019) [68] W.P. Miller, R.L. Willis, G.J. Levy, Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide, Soil Use and Management, 14 (2) (1998) 101-105. doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743. 1998.tb00623.x [69] H. Heller, R. Keren, Anionic polyacrylamide polymers effect on rheological behavior of sodium-montmorillonite suspensions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66 (1) (2002) 19–25, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.0019 [70]B.K.G. Theng, Clay-polymer interactions - summary and perspectives, Clays Clay Miner. 30 (1) (1982) 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1982.0300101 [71] J. Liu, Y.X. Bai, Q. Feng, Z.Z. Song, J.H. Wei, S.R. Sun, D.P. Kanungo, Strength properties of sand reinforced with a mixture of organic polymer stabilizer and polypropylene fiber, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30 (12) (2018) 04018330. doi.org/10.1061/(asce)MT.1943- 5533.0002541. 112 \| P a g e [72] S.W.A. Mohamed, Stabilization of Desert Sand Using Water-Born Polymers (Doctoral dissertation), United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2004. (p. 437 [73] S.D. Rafalko, G.M. Filz, T.L. Brandon, J.K. Mitchell, Rapid chemical stabilization of soft clay soils, Transportation Research Record, 2026 (1) (2007) 39-46. doi.org/10.3141/2026-05. [74] S.R. Iyengar, E. Masad, A.K. Rodriguez, H.S. Bazzi, D. Little, H.J.M. Hanley, Pavement subgrade stabilization using polymers: characterization and performance, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(4) (2013) 472-483. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000612. [75] R.N. Georgees, R.A. Hassan, R.P. Evans, P. Jegatheesan, An evaluation of performance related properties for granular pavement materials using a polyacrylamide additive, Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (2) (2016) 153–163, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1172710 [76] R.N. Georgees, R.A. Hassan, R.P. Evans, P. Jegatheesan, Performance Improvement of Granular Pavement Materials Using a Polyacrylamide-Based Additive, in: H. Khabbaz, Z. Hossain, B.H. Nam, X. Chen (Eds.), Geo-China 2016: Advances in Pavement Engineering and Ground Improvement2016, pp. 108-117. [77] P.K. Kolay, B. Dhakal, Geotechnical properties and microstructure of liquid polymer amended fine-grained soils, Geotech. Geol. Eng. (2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019- 01163-x [78] P. Kushwaha, A.S. Chauhan, S. Swami, B.L. Swami, Investigating the effects of nanochemical-based ionic stabilizer and co-polymer on soil properties for pavement construction, Int. J. Geotech. Eng. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1635817 [79] S. Rezaeimalek, J. Huang, S. Bin-Shafique, Performance evaluation for polymerstabilized soils, Transp. Res. Rec. 2657 (1) (2019) 58–66 https://doi.org/10.3141/2657-07 [80] A. Soltani, A. Deng, A. Taheri, B.C. O’Kelly, Engineering reactive clay systems by ground rubber replacement and polyacrylamide treatment, Polymers 11 (10) (2019) 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101675 [81] Y. Zhu, X.J. Yu, L. Gao, J.J. Chen, M.D. Cotugno, Unconfined compressive strength of aqueous polymer-modified saline soil, Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2019 (2019) 9137069 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9137069 [82] R. Ziaie-Moayed, M. Samimifar, M. Kamalzare, Improvement of shear strength characteristics of saline soil using cement and polymer, Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 5 (3) (2013) 307– 314, https://doi.org/10.3328/ijge.2011.05.03.307-314 [83] M. Mlhem, Stiffness module and compression strength of polymer-treated sand, Archit. Civ. Eng. Environ. 11 (1) (2018) 97–104 https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2018-010 113 \| P a g e [84] A.K. Rodriguez, C. Ayyavu, S.R. Iyengar, H.S. Bazzi, E. Masad, D. Little, H.J. M. Hanley, Polyampholyte polymer as a stabiliser for subgrade soil, Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (6) (2018) 467–478 https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1175561 [85] I. Chang, G.C. Cho, Strengthening of Korean residual soil with β-1,3/1,6-glucan biopolymer, Constr. Build. Mater. 30 (2012) 30–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.030 [86] H. Fatehi, S.M. Abtahi, H. Hashemolhosseini, S.M. Hejazi, A novel study on using protein based biopolymers in soil strengthening, Constr. Build. Mater. 167 (2018) 813–821 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.028 [87] M.G. Arab, R.A. Mousa, A.R. Gabr, A.M. Azam, S.M. El-Badawy, A.F. Hassan, Resilient behavior of sodium alginate–treated cohesive soils for pavement applications, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (1) (2019) 04018361 https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002565 [88] A.S.A. Rashid, S. Tabatabaei, S. Horpibulsuk, N.Z.M. Yunus, W.H.W. Hassan, Shear strength improvement of lateritic soil stabilized by biopolymer-based stabilizer, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 37 (6) (2019) 5533–5541 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00944-8 [89] D.B. Ringelberg, D.M. Cole, K.L. Foley, C.M. Ruidaz-Santiago, C.M. Reynolds, Compressive strength of soils amended with a bacterial succinoglycan: effects of soluble salts and organic matter, Can. Geotech. J. 51 (7) (2014) 747–757, https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012- 0369 [90] N. Latifi, S. Horpibulsuk, C.L. Meehan, M.Z. Abd Majid, A.S.A. Rashid, Xanthan gum biopolymer: an eco-friendly additive for stabilization of tropical organic peat, Environ. Earth Sci. 75 (9) (2016), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5643-0 [91] N. Hataf, P. Ghadir, N. Ranjbar, Investigation of soil stabilization using chitosan biopolymer, J. Clean. Prod. 170 (2018) 1493–1500 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.256 [92] J.R. Joga, B.J.S. Varaprasad, Sustainable improvement of expansive clays using xanthan gum as a biopolymer, Civil Eng. J.-Tehran 5 (9) (2019) 1893–1903 https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091380 [93] S. Lee, M. Chung, H.M. Park, K.I. Song, I. Chang, Xanthan gum biopolymer as soilstabilization binder for road construction using local soil in Sri Lanka, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (11) (2019), https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002909 114 \| P a g e [94] E.R. Sujatha, S. Saisree, Geotechnical behaviour of guar gum-treated soil, Soils Found. 59 (6) (2019) 2155–216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.11.012 [95] H. Ceylan, K. Gopalakrishnan, S. Kim, Soil stabilization with bioenergy coproduct, Transp. Res. Rec. 2186 (1) (2010) 130–137 https://doi.org/10.3141/2186-14 [96] T. Zhang, S.Y. Liu, G.J. Cai, A.J. Puppala, Experimental investigation of thermal and mechanical properties of lignin treated silt, Eng. Geol. 196 (2015) 1–11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.07.003 [97] B. Indraratna, R. Athukorala, J. Vinod, Estimating the rate of erosion of a silty sand treated with lignosulfonate, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (5) (2013) 701–714, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000766 [98] Q.S. Chen, B. Indraratna, J. Carter, C. Rujikiatkamjorn, A theoretical and experimental study on the behaviour of lignosulfonate-treated sandy silt, Comput. Geotech. 61 (2014) 316– 327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.06.010 [99] S. Lee, I. Chang, M.K. Chung, Y. Kim, J. Kee, Geotechnical shear behavior of Xanthan Gum biopolymer treated sand from direct shear testing, Geomech. Eng. 12 (5) (2017) 831–847 https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.831 [100] A. Al-Khanbashi, S.W. Abdalla, Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 24 (6) (2006) 1603–1625 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005- 4895-3 [101] W. Huang, C. Zhou, Z. Liu, H. Sun, J. Du, L. Zhang, improving soil-water characteristics and pore structure of silty soil using nano-aqueous polymer stabilisers, KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 25 (9) (2021) 3298–3305 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-2036-z [102] Y.J. Du, B.W. Yu, K. Liu, N.J. Jiang, M.D. Liu, Physical, hydraulic, and mechanical properties of clayey soil stabilized by lightweight alkali-activated slag geopolymer, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (2) (2017), https://doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)Mt.1943-5533.0001743 [103] A.A. Fungaroli, S.R. Prager, Evaluation of some acrylic polymers as soil stabilizers, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 8 (4) (1969) 450–453 https://doi.org/10.1021/i360032a026 [104] M. Ayeldeen, A. Negm, M. El Sawwaf, T. G¨adda, Laboratory study of using biopolymer to reduce wind erosion, Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 12 (3) (2016) 228–240, https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1264692 115 \| P a g e [105] I. Chang, A.K. Prasidhi, J. Im, H.D. Shin, G.C. Cho, Soil treatment using microbial biopolymers for anti-desertification purposes, Geoderma 253 (2015) 39–47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.04.006 [106] W.R. Azzam, Utilization of polymer stabilization for improvement of clay microstructures, Appl. Clay Sci. 93–94 (2014) 94–101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.03.006	en_US
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2263
dc.description	Supervised by Prof. Dr. Hossain Md. Shahin, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) Islamic University of Technology (IUT) Board Bazar, Gazipur, Bangladesh	en_US
dc.description.abstract	This study explores new ways to make embankments stronger using chemicals to prevent erosion. The research tests how well chemicals like SB-95 and TX-95 can stabilize sandy soil commonly found there. First, the soil was tested to understand its qualities like how fine or coarse it is, how much water it can hold, and how compact it is. Then, SB-95 and TX-95 were mixed with the soil in different amounts. Blocks of this mixture were made and left to harden for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. These blocks were tested to see how strong they became over time. To simulate real conditions, a small embankment was built inside a clear box. This embankment used the stabilized soil blocks. Tests were done to measure how strong the embankment was using different amounts of SB-95 and TX-95. Another test involved making a slope with treated sand (mixed with 10% SB-95) in a box. After drying, water was added, and sensors measured how wet the sand became at different depths. This showed how well SB-95 could stop water from getting into the soil and causing erosion. The stabilized soil outperformed the untreated soil in terms of erosion resistance, according to the submerged embankment test. The stabilized soil's rate of moisture infiltration doesn’t change. According to SEM pictures, the physicochemical reactions between the soil stabilizer and soil particles form bonds that increase the permeability, decrease erosion resistance, and strengthen sandy soil. The fact that thin film fragments were seen outside of the soil particles suggests that the sand particles were successfully coated and developed resistance to erosion. During the testing time, we saw the effect of temperature; at higher temperatures, we also noticed a significantly higher rate of strength gain. Tests on Gazipur's soil confirmed it is mostly sandy with some silt. This helped understand if SB 95 and TX-95 could work well there to prevent erosion. Results showed that using 10% SB-95 made the soil blocks much stronger, which could help prevent erosion in Gazipur. In conclusion, SB-95 and TX-95 are effective in keeping soil stable and preventing erosion in different weather and soil conditions. This research shows how these chemicals can be used to build strong and sustainable infrastructure in places like Gazipur where erosion is a big problem.	en_US
dc.language.iso	en	en_US
dc.publisher	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh	en_US
dc.title	Innovative Approaches to Stability of Embankment - A Role of Chemical Stabilization in Erosion Mitigation	en_US
dc.type	Thesis	en_US