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1. Marcello Malpighi [1686] an anatomy professor at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint ridges, spirals and loops in his treatise. 2. John Evangelist Purkinje [1823] anatomy professor at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing nine fingerprint patterns, but he too made no mention of the value of fingerprints for personal identification. 3. William James Herschel [1858] the English first began using fingerprints when he was Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India. 4. P j Coulier, V D -Grâce [1863] published his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming. 5. Dr. Henry Faulds [1870] the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, took up the study of skin-furrows. 6. H. Faulds [1880] published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nature" (nature). 7. Gilbert Thompson [1882] of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, used his own thumb print on a document to help prevent forgery 8. Alphonse Bertillon [1882] a Clerk in the Prefecture of Police of at Paris, France, devised a system of classification, known as Anthropometry or the Bertillon system. A. Bertillon [1888] was made Chief of the newly created Department of Judicial Identity where he used anthropometry as the primary means of identification. 9. Samuel L. Clemens [1883] Mark Twain's book, "Life on the Mississippi, a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification. In a later book, Pudd'n Head Wilson. 10. Sir Francis Galton [1888] a British anthropologist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, began his observations of fingerprints as a means of identification. 11. Juan Vucetich [1891] an Argentine Police Official, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types 12. Juan Vucetich [1892] made the first criminal fingerprint identification 64 13. The Council of the Governor General of India [1897] approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records. 14. Henry [1900] the United Kingdom Home Secretary Office conducted an inquiry into Identification of Criminals by Measurement and Fingerprints 15. The New York State Prison system began [1903] the first systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. for criminals. 16. The use of fingerprints began [1904] in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. 17. U.S. Army [1905] begins using fingerprints. U.S. Department of Justice forms the Bureau of Criminal Identification in Washington, DC to provide a centralized reference collection of fingerprint cards. 18. The New Orleans, Louisiana [1977] delegates to the 62nd Annual Conference of the International Association for Identification (IAI) voted to establish the world's first certification program for fingerprint experts. 19. The Unique Identification Authority of India [2013] operates the world's largest fingerprint (multi-modal biometric) system, with over 200 million fingerprint, face and iris biometric records. 20. Nero-technology [1998] developed VeriFinger, a fingerprint identification algorithm, designed for biometric system integrators. 21. Benjamin C.KUO, Automatic Control Systems. The Edition (1995) prentice hall, Englewood cliffs, NJ USA. 22. J.A Dolan, motor vehicle technology and practical work Part 1& 2. 1st Edition. The English language book society (1983). 23. R.B.Gupta, Automobile Engineering. 7th Edition, tech India publication series (2012). 24. W.H Crouse & D.L.Anglin, Automotive mechanics 10th Edition Tata MCGraw hill Education private limited New Delhi. (2010). |
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